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Published Studies

The X-RTS FCE is based, in part, on our 2002 article published in the Journal of Hand Therapy.  The abstract for that study is at the bottom of this page.  In 2010 additional studies associated with our testing system were published.  Four studies related to the assessment of function and validity of effort can be downloaded by clicking on the text in this sentence.  A pre-publication copy of our "Accuracy of Visual Estimation of Effort during a Lifting Task" study is also in this Zip file, along with two published but not peer-reviewed articles. 

Schapmire D, St. James JD, Townsend R, Stewart T, Delheimer S, Focht D, Simultaneous Bilateral Testing: Validation of a New Protocol to Detect Insincere Effort During  Grip and Pinch Strength Testing, Journal of Hand Therapy, Volume 15, Number 3, July-September 2002, pgs. 242-250. 

Abstract: The detection of feigned weakness in hand-grip strength assessment is difficult. We review several proposed methods and their weaknesses. A comparison of unilateral testing and simultaneous bilateral testing with the Jamar dynamometer and the Baseline™ pinch gauge is demonstrated as a solution. An experiment employed 100 asymptomatic subjects tested twice, once under instructions to give a full effort and once under instructions to feign weakness. Seven statistical criteria of noncompliance were chosen. Defining noncompliance as failing two or more of the seven criteria, 99% of the instructed-noncompliant subjects were correctly classified as noncompliant. No subjects were incorrectly classified as noncompliant during instructed compliant testing. Twelve subjects failed a single criterion. On retesting, all but one were correctly classified. One subject in the instructed-noncompliant group passed all criteria. Including retesting of the 12 "grey-zone" subjects, accuracy was 99.5%.

 

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James D. St. James, Ph.D. and Darrell Schapmire, M.S.
P.O. Box 171, 128 Madison Street
Hopedale, IL 61747
Phone: (309) 449-5483     Fax: (309) 449-6218     ds@xrts.com

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